History Visits
Drinks
A
ale aloþ, ealaþ, ealo, ealu, eala, alo
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the novice monk in Ælfric's Colloquy drinks 'ale, if I have [any] or water if I have no ale' (eala gif ic hæbbe, oþþe wæter gif ic næbbe ealu)
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in monasteries ale was allowed just before collatio (the reading at 6pm)
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the daily allowance for a monk was a gallon (8 pints) of good ale, often supplemented by a second gallon of weak ale
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priests were forbidden from visiting ale-houses
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On the lands of St. Paul's the farm workers evening allowance was a small maslin loaf and two pieces of cheese and ale
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Wulfstan's Canons of Edgar were still trying to prevent priests from being an ealu-scop (ale-minstrel)
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ale was next up the social scale from water - which was only drunk when there was nothing else available
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on formal occasions drink was handed to guests by a cup-bearer (þegn nytte beheold se þe on handa bær hroden ealo-wæge sente scir wered) 'the thane performed his office, he who in his hands bore the decorated ale-cup, poured the clear measure'. Usually it was women who were the cup-bearers.
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herbs are commonly to be boiled in ale or rubbed up and put into strong clear ale
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Dó on eala feldmoran 'put parsnip in ale'
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Ofgeót mid ealaþ 'moisten by pouring on with ale'
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Etymology
"intoxicating liquor made by malt fermentation," Old English ealu "ale, beer," from Proto-Germanic *aluth- (source also of Old Saxon alo, Old Norse öl), which is of uncertain origin. Perhaps from a PIE root meaning "bitter" (source also of Latin alumen "alum"), or from PIE *alu-t "ale," from root *alu-, which has connotations of "sorcery, magic, possession, and intoxication" [Watkins]. The word was borrowed from Germanic into Lithuanian (alus) and Old Church Slavonic (olu).
Notes:
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provisioned with ale
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Royal purveyance could be paid in hlutrum alaþ ge on beóre ge on hunige ge hryðrum ge on swýnum ge on sceápum 'pure ale, or in beer, or in honey, or oxen, or in swine, or in sheep' AS Charters
"Until the seventeenth century, ale stood for the un-hopped fermented malt liquor which had long been the native drink of these islands. Beer was the hopped malt liquor introduced from the Low Countries in the fifteenth century and popular first of all in the towns. By the eighteenth century, however, all malt liquor was hopped and there had been a silent mutation in the meaning of the two terms. For a time the terms became synonymous, in fact, but local habits of nomenclature still continued to perpetuate what had been a real difference: 'beer' was the malt liquor which tended to be found in towns, 'ale' was the term in general use in the country districts."
[Peter Mathias, "The Brewing Industry in England," Cambridge University Press, 1959]
Literary:
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alo-malt in a leechdom
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brýd-ealo 'bride-ale' = marriage feast
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VI ciricmittan ealaþ 'six church measures of ale'
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líðes aloþ 'mild ale' seems to be different to Welisces aloþ 'Welsh ale'
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drince-leán 'the ale given by the seller to the buyer on concluding a bargain'
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Iohannes se Fulluhtere ne dranc náðor ne wín, ne beór, ne ealu, ne nán ðære w%tan ðe menn of druncniaþ 'John the Baptist drank neither wine, nor beer, nor ale, nor of the liquor from which men become drunk'
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ealo-fæt 'ale-vat'
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ealu-gafol 'ale-tax given by a member of society'
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Ne biþ n%nig ealo gebrowen mid Éstum, ac ð%r biþ medo genóh 'no ale is brewed by the Esthonians, but there is mead enough'
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Ðeáh man asette twegen fætels full ealaþ oððe wæteres, hý gedóþ ðæt óðer biþ oferfroren 'if a man set two vats full of ale or of water, they cause that either shall be frozen over'
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Growte for ale granomellum
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ealu-clýfe 'a place for storing ale'
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gist pronounced yist translates as 'the froth' on the ale
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a fine of 4 shillings or being put on the dunghill deterred brewers in Chester at the time of Domesday (1086AD) from giving false measures or selling bad ale
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included in instructions for a funeral feast '7 pence for ale' (seuen peniges at hale)
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æfter-eala glossed by Latin sapa = A reduction of must in Ancient Roman cuisine, made by boiling down grape juice or must in large kettles until reduced to a third of the original volume.
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hroden ealowaége ornate ale-cup Beowulf
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Ne sceolon mæsse-preóstas æt ceáp-ealeðelum ne etan ne drincan 'nor should mass-priests at ale-houses neither eat nor drink' Laws
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Ic heó gefreóge écelíce ðæs gafoles ðe hió nú get to cyninges handa ageofan sceolan of ðam d%le ðe ð%r ungefreód to láfe wæs ðære cyningfeorme ge on hlutrum alaþ ge on beóre ge on hunige ge hryðrum ge on swýnum ge on sceápum 'I free them for ever from the impost which they have still to pay into the king's hand, from that portion, which was there left unfreed of the royal purveyance, whether in pure ale, or in beer, or in honey, or in oxen, or in swine, or in sheep'
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B
beer beór, biór
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Náne þinga beór ne drince 'on no account let him drink beer'
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beór-dræste 'beer-dregs' are used in a couple of Leechdoms
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Etymology
alcoholic drink made from grain, generally barley, infused with hops and boiled and fermented, Old English beor "strong drink, beer, mead," cognate with Old Frisian biar, Middle Dutch and Dutch bier, Old High German bior, German Bier; a West Germanic word of much-disputed and ambiguous origin.
Probably a 6thc. West Germanic monastic borrowing of Vulgar Latin biber "a drink, beverage" (from Latin infinitive bibere "to drink," from PIE root *po(i)- "to drink"). Another suggestion is that it comes from Proto-Germanic *beuwoz-, from *beuwo- "barley." The native Germanic word for the beverage was the one that yielded ale (q.v.).
"The word occurs in OE., but its use is rare, except in poetry, and it seems to have become common only in the 16th c. as the name of a hopped malt liquor." [OED]
They did have words for it, however. Greek brytos, used in reference to Thracian or Phrygian brews, was related to Old English breowan "brew;" Latin zythum is from Greek zythos, first used of Egyptian beer and treated as an Egyptian word but perhaps truly Greek and related to zymē "leaven."
Spanish cerveza is from Latin cervesia "beer." Old Church Slavonic pivo, source of the general Slavic word for "beer," is originally "a drink" (compare Old Church Slavonic piti "drink").
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"Beer, made from malted barley, was the favourite drink of the Anglo-Saxons. In their drinking parties, they pledged each other in large cups, round at the bottom, which must be emptied before they could be laid down, hence perhaps the name of a 'tumbler'." Bosworth & Toller Dictionary
An early Anglo-Saxon cone beaker, 5th–6th century, found at Acklam, Yorkshire, England, in 1892. Now at the Corning Museum of Glass, New York, USA.
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Two definitions in the Bosworth & Toller Dictionary:
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nourishing or strong drink - glossed as cerevisia, sicera
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a beverage made of honey and water, mead
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Literary:
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Gebeótedon beóre druncne oret-mecgas, ðæt hie in beór-sele bídan woldon Grendles gúðe 'the sons of conflict, drunk with beer, promised that they would await in the beer-hall the attack of Grendel' Beowulf
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Beer was the common drink of the Anglo-Saxons, hence a convivial party was called Gebeórscipe. Bosworth & Toller Dictionary
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He ne drincþ wín ne beór 'He neither drank wine nor beer' Gospel of Luke
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twelf seoxtres beóras 'twelve sesters of beer' were given as a food-rent
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a place of entertainment was a beórsele 'beer-hall', or beórtúna 'beer-enclosure'
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other compounds include:
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beór-scealc 'a beer-server'
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beór-setl 'a beer-bench or SETTLE'
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beór-þegu 'a beer-serving'
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Sum sceal on heápe blissian æt beór bencsittendum 'one shall in company delight at beer the bench-sitters ' The Fates of Man (OE poem)
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Royal purveyance could be paid in hlutrum alaþ ge on beóre ge on hunige ge hryðrum ge on swýnum ge on sceápum 'pure ale, or in beer, or in honey, or oxen, or in swine, or in sheep' AS Charters
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Iohannes se Fulluhtere ne dranc náðor ne wín ne beór ne ealu ne nán ðære w@tan ðe menn of druncniaþ 'John the Baptist drank neither wine nor beer nor ale nor any of the liquor from which men become drunk'
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sum biþ gewittig æt wínþege beórhyrde gód 'one is expert at feasting, a good keeper of beer' (beer-herd akin to she[e]pherd being a keeper of sheep) The Pursuits of Man (OE poem)
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Ðonne biþ heom heora meodudrenc wín & beór eall tó écum þurste áwend 'then shall for them their mead-draught, wine and beer all to eternal thirst be turned' Wulfstan's Sermon to the People
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Ic heó gefreóge écelíce ðæs gafoles ðe hió nú get to cyninges handa ageofan sceolan of ðam d%le ðe ð%r ungefreód to láfe wæs ðære cyningfeorme ge on hlutrum alaþ ge on beóre ge on hunige ge hryðrum ge on swýnum ge on sceápum 'I free them for ever from the impost which they have still to pay into the king's hand, from that portion, which was there left unfreed of the royal purveyance, whether in pure ale, or in beer, or in honey, or in oxen, or in swine, or in sheep'
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C
cærenes a sort of boiled wine
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Cærenes gódne bollan fulne 'boiled wine a good bowl full'
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Etymology
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ceren, cæren, cyren
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Awilled wín vel cyren new wine, just pressed from the grape, or new wine boiled till half evaporated
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cider cider, æppel-wín
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Etymology
late 13c. (in a biblical context), "strong liquor;" mid-14c., "liquor made from the juice of fruits," from Old French cidre, cire "pear or apple cider" (12c., Modern French cidre), variant of cisdre, from Late Latin sicera, Vulgate rendition of Hebrew shekhar, a word used for any strong drink (translated in Old English as beor, taken untranslated in Septuagint Greek as sikera), related to Arabic sakar "strong drink," sakira "was drunk."
Meaning gradually narrowed in English to mean exclusively "fermented drink made from apples," though this sense also was in Old French. Later applied to any expressed juice of apples, either before or after fermentation (19c.). The former is distinguished as sweet cider, the latter as hard cider.
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apple-wine glossed as cider Latin vinum pomarium
Literary:
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just in glosses
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H
hydromel ydromellum
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Etymology
borrowed from Latin hydromel, hydromeli, from hydro- (from Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (húdōr, “water”)) + mel (“honey”).
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in the glossaries beor is translated as hydromel as well as mulsum and mead
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a water and honey mix, possibly mead before the fermentation process. In France it is watered mead.
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L
líþ
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Ðam men ðe hine ne lyst his metes ne líþes 'for the man that does not care for his meat or strong drink'
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leeth - strong drink
Literary:
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Of mistlícum dryncum ðæs líþes 'from various drinks that are strong drinks'
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Etymology
M
mare's milk
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Etymology
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Ð@r [Estland] biþ swyðe mycel hunig and fisc[n]aþ & se cyning & ða rícostan men drincaþ myran meolc and ða unspédigan and ða þeówan medo 'there is very much honey and fishing; and the king and the principal men drink mare's milk, and the poor and the slaves mead'
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mead medo, medu, meodu
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med-drosna dregs of mead
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wylle swá swýðre medo boil like strong mead
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swíðe gód medo very good mead
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Etymology
"a strong liquor made from fermented honey and water," a favourite beverage of England in the Middle Ages, Middle English mede, from Old English medu, from Proto-Germanic *meduz (source also of Old Norse mjöðr, Danish mjød, Old Frisian and Middle Dutch mede, Old High German metu, German Met "mead"), from PIE root *medhu- "honey, sweet drink" (source also of Sanskrit madhu "sweet, sweet drink, wine, honey," Greek methy "wine," Old Church Slavonic medu, Lithuanian medus "honey," Old Irish mid, Welsh medd, Breton mez "mead").
Literary:
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Ne biþ n%nig ealo gebrowen mid Éstum, ac ð%r biþ medo genóh 'no ale is brewed by the Esthonians, but there is mead enough' Beothius
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& his cwén mid him medo-stíg gemæt 'and his queen with him the 'mead-way' measured' [way to the mead-hall] Beowulf 6th c.
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& ða unspédigan and ða þeówan [drincaþ] medo 'and the poor and the slaves [drink] mead' King Alfred's Orosius
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Ða m%la ðe wé oft æt meodo spr%con 'The occasions when we often spoke at mead' Byrhtnoth in The Battle of Maldon epic poem
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Ðonne biþ heom heora meodudrenc wín & beór eall tó écum þurste áwend 'then shall for them their mead-draught, wine and beer all to eternal thirst be turned' Wulfstan's Sermon to the People
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in Beowulf:
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meodosetla and medubenc 'mead-settle' and mead-bench' [settle - a wooden bench, usually with arms and a high back, long enough to accommodate three or four sitters; bench - a long, hard seat, often without a back, for two or more persons.]
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medoærn 'mead-urn' [referring to the mead-hall]
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medoheal 'mead-corner' ?maybe a corruption of the word below
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meoduhealle and meduseld 'mead-hall' and 'mead-house'
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the lady of the Helmings carries the medoful to Beowulf [mead-cup]
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medostigge 'mead-ascent/descent; path'
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meodowongas 'mead-ground' [in the sense of the land around the mead-hall]
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Meoduscencum hwearf geond ðæt síde reced 'mead-draughts [were] passed round through that wide hall' by Haereth's daughter
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Ne seah ic healsittendra medudreám máran, 'I have not seen a hall-sitters revelry greater' [mead-joy - the joy of attending mead drinking festivities]
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From the Exeter Book of Riddles:
Sum sceal on beore þurh byreles hond meodugal mæcga. Þonne he gemet ne con gemearcian his muþe mode sine,
ac sceal ful earmlice ealdre linnan,
dreogan dryhtenbealo dreamum biscyred,
& hine to sylfcwale secgas nemnað,
mænað mid muþe meodugales gedrinc.
One shall at beer, through the cupbearer’s hand
mead-excited become. Then he a limit will not know how
to mark for his mouth with his own mind,
but, shall most miserably shorn of joy,
depart from life, suffer extreme wretchedness, joy deprived
and a suicide sayers will name him,
lament with mouth the mead-excited one's drinking’
(The Fortunes of Men, 51a–57b) 10th century
mora#
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mulsum
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Etymology
Latin mulsum "honey wine, mead," from neuter of mulsus "mixed with honey," related to mel "honey" (from PIE root *melit- "honey").
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must
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Etymology
"new wine," Old English must, from Latin mustum (also source of Old High German, German most, Old French moust, Modern French moût, Spanish, Italian mosto), short for vinum mustum "fresh wine," neuter of mustus "fresh, new, newborn," perhaps literally "wet," and from PIE *mus-to-, from root *meus- "damp".
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Ðás men sindon mid muste fordrencte 'these men are drunken with new wine'
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Must mid hunig gemenged glossed as inomellum 'must with honey mixed in'
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Heortan manna must & wíndrinc myclum blissaþ 'the heart of man, must and wine-drink greatly gladden'
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Ne miht ðú wín wringan on midne winter, ðeáh ðé wel lyste wearmes mustes 'Nor might thou press wine in midwinter, though thou would desire warm must.'
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must-fleóge 'a small fly found in wine'
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þ
þefel
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boiled or mulled wine
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Etymology
P
perry pere-wós
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literally translated as 'pear-juice'
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in one gloss in a list of drinks
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Etymology
W
water wætre, wætere, wæter
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Aleres rinde seóþ on wætre 'seethe in water rind of alder'
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Wið áttre betonican & ða smalan áttorláðan dó on hálig wæter 'against poison, put betony and the small atterlothe into holy water'
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syle þicgean mid wylle wætere & besprengc hyne mid ðam wætere 'give to take with spring water and besprinkle him with the water'
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'when some persons have been bitten by serpents, the scrapings of leaves of books that were brought out of Ireland, being put into water, and given them to drink, have - immediately expelled the spreading poison, and assuaged the swelling.' Bede
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'small chips of the wood of the holy cross, which being put into water, men or cattle drinking of, or sprinkled with that water, are immediately restored to health.' Bede
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Wið sweorcóðe riges seofoþa seóþ on geswéttum wætere swille ða ceolan mid ðý gif se sweora sár síe 'for quinsy, seethe the siftings of rye in sweetened water, swill the throat with it if the neck be sore'
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Sele ða cyrnlu ðæs eorþifiges on hátum wætre drincan 'give him the grains of the ground ivy in hot water to drink'
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Micel d%l bewylledes wæteres on huniges gódum d%le 'a great deal of boiled water in a good deal of honey'
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genim ðas wyrte on wætre gegnidene 'take this wort rubbed in water'
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Ðæt wæter dranc of his holre hand 'drank the water out of the hollow of his hand'
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Sele him on hátum wætre gewlecedum ða wyrta drincan 'give him, in hot water made lukewarm, the herbs to drink'
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Wyl on wætere beþe hine mid ongemet hátum 'boil in water, foment him with it exceedingly hot'
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Mealwan seáwes þrý lytle bollan gemengde wiþ swilc tú wæteres 'liquid from meal three little bowls mixed with twice as much water'
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wæter-gebl%d - a blister with water in it (?); or a blister made by boiling water (?)
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it was used for washing in and in medicines
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coarse bread and cold water was either a fasting or a penitential meal - Bede
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He wæter awende to wínlícum drence 'he turned water into wine-like drink
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mid býrignesse ðæs wæteres 'by the tasting of the water he changed it' Bede - he also says that the monks were to drink wine and water.
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Bede says the Sea of Gallilee has water 'sweet and fit to drink for it receives no mud or other coarse substance from any marshy pools, but is surrounded on all sides by a sandy shore'
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'St. Alban prayed that God would give him water, and immediately a living spring broke out before his feet' Bede
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Næfþ Godes ríce nánes wurþes lofunge ac biþ gelofod be ðæs mannes hæfene. Heofenan ríce wæs ál%ten ðisum gebróðrum for heora nette & scipe & ðam rícan Zacheo tó healfum d%le his %hta & sumere wudewan tó ánum feorþlinge & sumum menn tó ánum wæteres drenc 'God's kingdom hath no fixed price, but a price is put upon it according to a man's property. The kingdom of heaven was allowed to these brothers for their net and ship, and to the rich Zacheus for half his possessions, and to a certain widow for a farthing, and to a certain man for a drink of water.' Homilies
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Wæs ongeán ðyssum wæterscipe glæsen fæt 'a glass vessel was placed so that the water ran into it' (of collecting holy water from a church roof) Blickling Homilies
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syde - the water in which anything has been seethed or boiled
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the Novice of the Colloquy drinks water if he has no ale
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wæter-fæt - vessel for water, a water-pot
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wæter-pyt[t] - water-pit, well
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Sume ða h%ðenan on heora ðeówte leofodon tó wudunge and tó wæterunge 'some of the heathen in their served their lives as hewers of wood and drawers of water'
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Etymology
Old English wæter, from Proto-Germanic *watr- (source also of Old Saxon watar, Old Frisian wetir, Dutch water, Old High German wazzar, German Wasser, Old Norse vatn, Gothic wato "water"), from PIE *wod-or, suffixed form of root *wed- (1) "water; wet."
weall
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boiled or mulled wine
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Etymology
wine wín(e)
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Scíres wínes drince æt-hwæga let him drink somewhat of pure wine
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syle him drincan fífleáfan on wíne give him to drink fiveleaf in wine
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Gedó on ceác fulne wínes 'put into a jug full of wine'
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gedó on scearp wín 'put into sharp wine'
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Gebærnedne hláf cl@nne seóþ on ealdum wíne 'burned bread entirely cooked in old wine'
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geswéttum wíne 'sweetened wine'
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eald win 'old wine'
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Ðæt sió réþnes ðæs wínes ða forrotedan wunde cl@nsige 'that the harshness of the wine may cleanse the corrupted wound' Gregory's Pastoral Care
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Of ðam wíne sýn ða lyðu gebeðede 'let the joints be bathed with the wine'
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Ofgeót hý áne niht mid wýne 'soak them a night with wine'
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Mon sceal beþan þá breóst mid wine 'one should bathe the chest with wine'
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Etymology
Old English win "wine," from Proto-Germanic *winam (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Old High German win, Old Norse vin, Dutch wijn, German Wein), an early borrowing from Latin vinum "wine," from PIE *uoin-a-, related to words for "wine" in other southern European languages (Greek oinos, Albanian Ghegvênë), also Armenian (gini), Hittite (uiian(a)-), and non-Indo-European Georgian and West Semitic (Arabic wain, Hebrew yayin).
According to Watkins, probably from a lost Mediterranean language word *win-/*woin- "wine." However, Beekes argues that the word is of Indo-European origin, related to Greek itea "willow," Latin vītis "vine," and other words, and they may be derived from the root *wei- "to turn, bend."
Also from Latin vinum (some perhaps via Germanic) are Old Church Slavonic vino, Polish wino, Russian vino, Lithuanian vynas, Welsh gwin, Old Irish fin, Gaelic fion.
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Literary:
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an-drece-fæt a pressing vat for wine or oil
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Awilled wín vel cyren new wine, just pressed from the grape, or new wine boiled till half evaporated
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Niwe wín sceal beón gedón on niwe bytta ðonne beóþ bú tú gehealden new wine shall be put into new bottles, then both the two shall be preserved. Gospel of Mark
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cl@ne wín 'pure wine' is mentioned in the laws of Edgar
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cýfe 'a cask for wine or oil'
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Se inwida dryht-guman síne drencte mid wíne 'the wicked one made his people drunk with wine' Gospel of Judith
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Iohannes se Fulluhtere ne dranc náðor ne wín ne beór ne ealu ne nán ðære w@tan ðe menn of druncniaþ 'John the Baptist drank neither wine nor beer nor ale nor any of the liquor from which men become drunk'
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Ne he ealu ne drince n@fre oððe wín 'let him never drink ale nor wine' Gospel of Judith
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He gehálgode fír heremægene wín of wætere and wendan hét 'he hallowed before the multitude wine from water and bade it change'
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Uton fordrencan úrne fæder mid wíne 'let us make our father drunk with wine' Genesis
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Ð@r wæs gebroht wín 'there was wine brought' Chronicle
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Hí búton gemetgunge ðæt wín drincende w@ron 'they drank the wine without moderation' Orosius
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sum biþ gewittig æt wínþege beórhyrde gód 'one is expert at feasting, a good keeper of beer' (beer-herd akin to she[e]pherd being a keeper of sheep) [win-thege - literally wine-taking] The Pursuits of Man (OE poem)
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win-gal 'wine excited'
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were win-sadum biþ ær his worda to hræd 'a man wine-sated was ere in his words too hasty' Fortunes of Men
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Hwílum ic gereordum rincas laðige wlonce to wíne 'sometimes I to feastings men invite - the proud - to wine'
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Wíne gew@ged 'affected by wine'
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Wíndruncen gewit 'wine-drunken wits'
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Wínes glæð 'merry with wine'
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gyte-s@l 'joy at the pouring out of wine'
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mæsse-wín 'wine used in the service of the mass'
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tæppere 'one who sells wine, a tavern-keeper'
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tæppestre ' a woman who sells wine, a hostess'
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Sý á on ðære þigene forhefednes 'let there ever be temperance' [moderation in drinking wine]
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Ðá wearþ Holofernus on gytesálum 'Holofernus grew merry as the wine flowed' [gytesalum = joy at the pouring out of wine]
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wín-ærn I. 'a place where wine is stored' also win-hús. II. 'a place where wine is sold and drunk, a tavern'. III. 'a hall where wine is drunk, where there is feasting'.
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wín-druncen 'wine drunken, drunken with wine'
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wín-burh I. 'a town where wine is drunk, where there is feasting, where a prince feasts his followers, a chief town'. II. 'a walled vineyard'.
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birilum, byrele 'servants who bore wine'
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wín-sæd 'wine-sated, having had one's fill of wine'
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wín-byrele 'wine-bearer, a servant who bears the wine'
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wín-tiber 'an offering of wine, a libation'
- wín-gedrinc 'wine-drinking'
- wín-líc 'of wine, wine-like'
- fæt-fellere 'one who fills a vessel, who pours wine into a cup'
- ge-illerocaþ 'surfeited with wine' also oferfylled 'overfilled'
- Ne drinc ic heononforð of ðysum wíncynne %r on ðám dæge þe ic eft drince mid eów níwe wín on mínes fæder ríce 'No drink I henceforth from this wine-kind before in the day that I again drink with you new wine in our fathers kingdom'
- Wín & druncene wíf gedðd $ hwílon witon mafnað 'wine and drunken women will make men of understanding to fall away'
- must-wyrm 'an insect found in wine'
- reám-wín 'thick wine, wine with a froth on it'
- tredde 'a press for wine or oil'
- with idea of sufficiency:-- Daga gehwylce hí heom wín tó bryce hæfdon & hit heom gel%ste 'they used the wine every day, and it lasted them' (to the end of the journey)
- W@re ðú wiste wlonc and wínes sæd 'thou wast sumptuous in food, sated with wine' Exeter book
- Ðonne wín hweteþ beornes breóstsefan stígeþ cirm on corþre cwide scralletaþ missenlíce 'when wine excites a man's mind, clamour arises in the company, they cry out with speech diverse' Exeter Book Monitory Poem
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Ðonne biþ heom heora meodudrenc wín & beór eall tó écum þurste áwend 'then shall for them their mead-draught, wine and beer all to eternal thirst be turned' Wulfstan's Sermon to the People
Species and Find sites:
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Resources:
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Online Etymology Dictionary
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Bosworth & Toller Old English Dictionary
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Aefric's Colloquy
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Leechdoms - Oswald Cockayne 1864
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Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Food - Anne Hagen (both volumes)